Helsinki

No station has a gate — card readers mark the paid area; hold a ticket first. One HSL ticket covers metro, trains, trams, buses and the Suomenlinna ferry, transfers free while it lasts. Zones run A to E and single-zone tickets don't exist: AB covers nearly all the city; the airport is an ordinary ABC fare. The HSL app is cheapest; a bank-card tap buys adult singles only, a bit dearer — and the tapped card itself becomes the ticket: show that card at inspection; a dead phone counts as no ticket. Drivers sell nothing; cash is no use on board.