Barcelona

A credit-card tap at the gate is not open-loop here: it buys and validates one single, only some entrances have readers, and no transfer included. The workhorse is the integrated T-casual: on an anonymous T-mobilitat card it crosses metro, bus, tram, FGC and Rodalies with transfers. Singles are locked to the operator that sold them; on the gateless tram, validate at boarding and every change — unvalidated counts as fare dodging. At the airport only the two metro stops sit outside integrated fares — train R2 and bus 46 take your ordinary ticket.